First and Second Tobacco Congresses in Determination of the Tobacco Policy of the Etatism Period Devletçilik Dönemi Tütün Politikasının Belirlenmesinde Birinci ve İkinci Tütün Kongreleri
Journal of Modern Turkish History, cilt.22, sa.44, ss.397-426, 2026 (ESCI, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 22 Sayı: 44
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Dergi Adı: Journal of Modern Turkish History
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Scopus
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.397-426
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Celâl Bayar, Etatism, Monopoly, The World Economic Crisis of 1929, Tobacco
- İstanbul Kent Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
In the Ottoman Empire, tobacco became an important production and export item, and state influence on tobacco began to increase, especially in the 19th century. However, due to the problems caused by foreign borrowing, the country's economy gradually deteriorated and with the Muharram Decree published in 1881, the tobacco monopoly income was left to the newly established Public Debt Administration. Upon the agreement between the Ottoman Government and the Public Debt Administration, the revenue from the tobacco monopoly was granted to the Regie Administration, which was established in 1883. Although the Regie Administration took some positive decisions regarding tobacco, it also implemented practices that led to complaints from producers. In this respect, an independent and soundly functioning tobacco policy could not be transferred from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. For this reason, various decisions were taken to regulate tobacco production during the Republican period. In this context, the Regie Administration was abolished in 1925, tobacco was taken under the state monopoly and various attempts were made to increase production. However, the World Economic Crisis of 1929 also had a negative impact on the tobacco sector. The principle of etatism, adopted in 1931 to mitigate the negative effects of the crisis on the economy, also resulted in an increased role of the state in the tobacco sector. The most concrete impact of the etatism policy on tobacco emerged through the two Tobacco Congresses held in Ankara. During this period, the First Tobacco Congress was held between February 1-5, 1932; however, due to the failure to resolve the problems related to tobacco after this congress, the Second Tobacco Congress was convened between April 15-18, 1934. Compared to the first, this congress was much more planned and comprehensive, and attempts were made to implement concrete and lasting measures regarding tobacco policy afterward. In this study, the effects of two Tobacco Congresses organised during the etatism period on the determination of tobacco policy in the 1930s are examined.